Volume 58

Revealing Energy Transition Pathways: Global Assessment of Electrification, Security, and Equity Across 123 Countries Bingying Ma, Seiichi Ogata, You Li

Abstract

Addressing climate change and advancing the SDGs necessitate a rapid and equitable global energy transition. Within this transition, electrification is pivotal for enhancing energy accessibility, stimulating economic growth, and reducing carbon emissions. Yet, existing disparities in technological capabilities, policy frameworks, and socio-economic conditions risk exacerbating inequalities and vulnerabilities. This study develops a novel and comprehensive indicator system to assess ES and EE. Utilizing K-means clustering across 123 countries, we identify distinct patterns of electrification, ES, and EE, revealing significant cross-national disparities in energy transition outcomes. Four distinct clusters emerge: “advanced,” “balanced development,” “transition-challenged,” and “lagging.” By dissecting the unique characteristics and challenges of each cluster, this study provides a scientific foundation for designing differentiated energy transition strategies. It offers targeted policy recommendations and optimized transition pathways to improve resource allocation, advance global energy equity, and promote sustainable development. This research aims to provide empirical evidence and theoretical insights for policymakers, offering practical pathways toward energy justice and sustainable development globally.

Keywords Energy Transition Pathways, Electrification, Energy Equity, Energy Security, Coupling Coordination